NATIONAL STRATEGY
The overall objective of the Swedish energy policy is to create the conditions for efficient and sustainable energy use and a cost-effective Swedish energy supply with low negative impact on health, environment, and climate and to facilitate the transition to an ecologically sustainable society. The policy is based on the legislation established within the EU and the objective builds on the same three pillars of EU's energy cooperation which aims to reconcile security of supply, competitiveness and environmental sustainability. The Swedish energy and climate goals include the following targets:
• By 2045 at the latest, Sweden must have net zero emissions, of which at least 85% of the reduction in emissions must take place in Sweden
• In 2040, electricity production must be 100% fossil-free.
Ocean energy is one of many areas included in Sweden's national maritime strategy, which identifies areas where action is needed to promote a sustainable development in the Swedish maritime sector. This strategy was enacted in 2015 by the Ministry of Enterprises, Energy and Communications. In February 2022, the Government adopted three marine spatial plans for its territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone. Marine spatial planning will form the basis for governmental agency and municipal decisions regarding the most appropriate usage of a marine area. To date, no specific area has been designated for ocean energy usage.
MARKET INCENTIVES
The current long-term Swedish energy policy relies on economic policy instruments, which are technology neutral, and include a carbon tax, international emissions trading and a renewable electricity certificate system. However, renewable electricity production developments commissioned beyond the end of 2021 are not eligible to receive electricity certificates. There are no instruments in place to specifically incentivise ocean energy deployment.
PUBLIC FUNDING PROGRAMMES
Swedish governmental agencies support academic and private sector R&D at various stages of technology maturity. Funding providers include:
• Swedish Energy Agency (SEA), which is responsible for facilitating a sustainable energy system in Sweden. To this end the agency funds relevant research, business and technology development and technology demonstration
• Swedish Research Council (VR), which is tasked with funding fundamental research and research infrastructure for a wide range of topics
• Swedish Innovation Agency (VINNOVA), which supports business and technology development through funding.
In addition, regional authorities may also grant funding. Ocean energy projects can apply for funding within existing programmes such as, for example, Future Electricity Systems, Pilot and Demonstration Projects, Verification of Innovation with Customer and Develop a Business Idea. The Swedish Energy Agency is also involved in the Clean Energy Transition Partnership (CETPartnership), which is a collaboration between national/regional funding organisations in European Members States and Associated Countries that aims to accelerate the energy transition.
MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING POLICY
New Swedish legislation on Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is in force from 1 September 2014.
The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management is preparing the forthcoming national marine spatial plans.
There are no pre-selected areas for oceans energy. Instead, there are national interest areas for offshore wind. Within areas of national interest, it is not allowed to undertake activities that can seriously harm the designated values or undertake activities that significantly complicate the intended use of the area.
AUTHORITIES INVOLVED
Permits according to the environmental code are granted by the Environmental Courts with the input from the County Administrative Boards. Ocean energy projects may also need consent regarding the continental shelf act. These applications are handled by County Administrative Board.
CONSENTING PROCESS
The local County Administrative Board should be contacted and informed in the beginning of the process.
A consultation will then be held between the County Administrative Board, the municipality environmental service committee and the person applying for permit.
At the consultation there will be discussions about the planned activity, environmental impact and the future process. After that a consultation will be held with others particularly affected by the plans. If the plans. If the plans are likely to have a significant environmental impact it is mandatory to have a bigger consultation with other authorities. The next step for the applicant is to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and send together with the application to Environmental Court (this should be made within one year after the consultation or a new consultation might be needed). The Environmental Court will then decide if permit is given (supplementary information might be required before). A granted permit is in turn associated with conditions that must be met by the applicant. It is also possible that the Environmental Court determines different compensation measures like a fish fee.
Whether it is clear or not to applicants what permits are required, in what order and what information must be supplied at what time, depends on the applicant’s experience of earlier consenting process.
There is no specific authority that manages the whole ocean energy consenting process (“one stop shop” facility or entity). Instead there are several authorities involved and they also manage other consenting processes.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Currently an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is always required.
However, the level of detail and scope of necessary investigations naturally varies depending on the character of the project. This legislation is currently under review and it is possible it will be altered. Permits usually contain conditions regarding monitoring the environmental effects of the project.
LEGISLATION AND REGULATION
The consenting process for ocean energy is regulated by the environmental legislation in the environmental code (milj?balken).
The environmental code is a framework legislation which contains certain special rules applicable to water-related activities. These provisions are however applicable not only to ocean energy but to dams, building bridges, traditional hydropower, etc. There are no special rules applicable only to ocean energy.
No legislation and regulation have been adapted to better suit ocean energy so far. Swedish water-law is currently being reviewed and it has been suggested that more water-related activities are made subject only to notification and not a full permit-process. However nothing has yet been decided.
CONSULTATION
A consultation is done early in the process. It is the applicant the entity responsible for its implementation and that it follows all rules.
In the first consultation with the authorities there will be discussions about the planned activity, environmental impact and the future process. In the next consultation others particularly affected by the plans will receive a written invitation. General organizations and public are invited through an ad in the newspaper. Discussions will be about the location, scale, design and environmental impact of the activity all well as content of the EIA. In case of a bigger consultation, the identified parties will receive a written invitation.
Statutory consultation is required with the County Administrative Board, municipality environment steering committee and others particularly affected by the plans. Of the plans are likely to have a significant environmental impact it is mandatory to have a bigger consultation.
GUIDANCE AND ADVICE
Information of the process is available on the homepages of the County Administrative Boards. The Swedish Energy Agency has also developed a website together with other government authorities which explains the consenting process for wind power plants, including offshore plants (only in Swedish). This site also includes web map service integrated with e-service for consenting applications.
TEST CENTERS
In both testing sites in Sweden, Lysekil wave power research site and Söderfors marine currents research site, there is no specific consenting process.
